0 Shannon M. Barber-Meyer Craig R. Johnson Michael P. Murtaugh L. David Mech P. J. White 2007 Journal of Mammalogy 88 421-426 2007 Cervus elaphus, cytokine, elk, immunocompetence, interleukin-6, survival, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Yellowstone National Park, wildlife health Serological indicators of general condition would be helpful for monitoring or assessing ungulate wildlife. Toward that end, we report the 1st reference values for 2 cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), in neonatal elk (Cervus elaphus). We obtained blood samples from 140 calves ≤ 6 days old in Yellowstone National Park during summer 2003-2005. IL-6 values ranged from 0 to 1.21 pg/ml with a median of 0.03 pg/ml. TNF-a values ranged from 0 to 225.43 pg/ml with a median of 1.85 pg/ml. IL-6 and TNF-a concentrations were not significant predictors of elk calf survival through 21 days. Development of ungulate-based IL-6 and TNF-a assays that provide greater sensitivity than cross-reacting human-based assays could be helpful in monitoring ungulate condition and health status comparisons among herds. Such information could provide indirect assessments of range quality or environmental influences among herds. Found at Yellowstone Research Library and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652013 0 Biek, Roman Ruth, Toni K. Murphy, Kerry M. Anderson Jr., Charles R. Poss, Mary 2006 Canadian Journal of Zoology 84 365-373 March, 2006 MAMMALS-FELIDAE(BIEK) cougar, feline immunodeficiency virus, pathogen, Puma concolor, wildlife health Many animal populations carry endemic (i.e., permanently present) viruses but few studies have assessed the demographic consequences of these infections under natural conditions. We examined the effects of chronic infection with FIVPco, a feline retrovirus, on the fitness and pathogen susceptibility of its natural host, the cougar (Puma concolor (L., 1771)), in the wild. Based on data obtained through intensive monitoring of 160 cougars from two populations, we estimated survival and different measures of host fecundity of infected and uninfected individuals. In addition, we used serological data collected from 207 cougars to test whether FIVPco predisposes individuals to a higher probability of infection with other pathogens. We found no evidence for an overall reduction in survival due to FIVPco when accounting for other sources of demographic variation (age, sex, and population). There was a consistent but nonsignificant trend towards poorer reproductive performance in FIVPco-infected females. We found no serological evidence for a higher probability of secondary infections associated with FIVPco. Overall, these results support the premise that chronic FIVPco infection is asymptomatic in its natural cougar host, probably because of a long evolutionary association between virus and host. However, results of stochastic simulations indicate that only larger reductions in annual survival (>20%) can be excluded with confidence. Also, the possibility of a so far unrecognized cost of FIVPco infection on cougar fecundity remains. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652293 0 Biek, Roman Ruth, Toni K. Murphy, Kerry M. Anderson Jr., Charles R. Johnson, Mark DeSimone, Richard Gray, Rachel Hornocker, Maurice G. Gillin, Colin M. Poss, Mary 2006 Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42 606-615 2006 MAMMALS-FELIDAE(BIEK 2) Canine distemper virus, feline calicivirus, feline coronavirus, feline herpesvirus, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline parvovirus, feline pathogens, Puma concolor, Yersinia pestis, wildlife health Serological and genetic material collected over 15 years (1990–2004) from 207 cougars (Puma concolor) in four populations in the Rocky Mountains were examined for evidence of current or prior exposure to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline parvovirus (FPV), feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline calicivirus (FCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), and Yersinia pestis. Serologic data were analyzed for annual variation in seroconversions to assess whether these pathogens are epidemic or endemic in cougars, and to determine whether family membership, age, sex, or location influence risk of exposure. FIV and FPV were clearly endemic in the studied populations, whereas exposure to FCoV, FCV, CDV, and Y. pestis was more sporadic. No evidence was found for FHV. Age was the most consistent predictor of increased exposure risk, often with no other important factors emerging. Evidence for transmission within family groups was limited to FIV and FCoV, whereas some indication for host sex affecting exposure probability was found for FIV and Y. pestis. Overall, cougar populations exhibited few differences in terms of pathogen presence and prevalence, suggesting the presence of similar risk factors throughout the study region. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652292 http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/42/3/606.pdf 0 Christie, R. J. Findley, D.J. Dunfee, M. Hansen, R. Olsen, Steven C. Grainger, D.W. 2004 Vaccine 24 1462-1469 October 3, 2005 401 biobullet, PEG hydrogel, bacteria encapsulation, wildlife, vaccination, brucellosis, brucella, wildlife health, hydrogel, vaccine delivery methods Photopolymerized poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) crosslinked hydrogels were assessed for their ability to serve as a payload vehicle to deliver viable bacterial vaccine (RB51 anti-brucellosis vaccine to bison in Yellowstone National Park) ballistically using thermoplastic degradable biobullets. PEG modified with degradable glycolide or lactide oligomers capped with photopolymerizable methacrylate groups served to crosslink the hydrogel vaccine carrier inside commercial hydropropylcellulose biobullets. Release of 1 micron diameter model fluorescent particles from hydrogels followed known degradation trends for glycolide- and lactide-modified PEG hydrogels. All particles were released from PEG-co-glycolide hydrogels after ~10 days and PEG-co-lactide hydrogels after ~45 days following gel degradation. Minimal particle release was observed from pure PEG dimethacrylate hydrogels over 40 days. P. aeruginosa (strain PAO1) and RB51 brucella live vaccine exhibit excellent viability following exposure to photopolymerization encapsulation within these gel matrices. Hydrogels photopolymerized into the payload chamber of biobullets exhibit similar ballistic properties to commercially available biobullets, and penetrate and remain intact intramuscularly when fired into live elk to release their gel payload in the host. Found in Bison Library and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652051 submitted to Journal of Controlled Release http://www.bioen.utah.edu/faculty/DWG/Publications/Publication%20PDFs/Vaccine,%20Christie%202006.pdf 10 GYIBC Neil Anderson Mark Atkinson Keith Aune Ryan Clarke Hank Edwards Pat Flowers Frank Galey Arnold Gertonson Mark Gocke Ken Hamlin Tom Linfield Phil Mamer Bob Moon Dwayne Oldham Jack Rhyan Brandon Scurlock Laurie Shannon Rick Wallen R 2004 Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 40p. January 1, 2004 bison, brucellosis, elk, interagency, management, wildlife health, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria This annual report is intended to provide the reader the highlights of GYIBC activities for 2004 calendar year. The principle author(s) is listed on each topic so that they may be contacted if more detailed information is desired. This Executive Summary is intended to further summarize the report, by providing just a few key points from each section. Found online, pdf on computer NatureBib ID: 652222 http://gyibc.com/Reference_Material/2004_AnnualReport_Final.pdf 0 Biek, Roman Allen G. Rodrigo David Holley Alexei Drummond Charles R. Anderson Jr. Howard A. Ross Mary Poss 2003 Journal of Virology American Society for Microbiology 77 9578-9589 September, 2003 cougar, feline, FIV, virus, wildlife health, feline immunodeficiency virus Within the large body of research on retroviruses, the distribution and evolution of endemic retroviruses in natural host populations have so far received little attention. In this study, the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and molecular evolution of feline immunodeficiency virus specific to cougars (FIVpco) was examined using blood samples collected over several years from a free-ranging cougar population in the western United States. The virus prevalence was 58% in this population (n = 52) and increased significantly with host age. Based on phylogenetic analysis of fragments of envelope (env) and polymerase (pol) genes, two genetically distinct lineages of FIVpco were found to cooccur in the population but not in the same individuals. Within each of the virus lineages, geographically nearby isolates formed monophyletic clusters of closely related viruses. Sequence diversity for env within a host rarely exceeded 1%, and the evolution of this gene was dominated by purifying selection. For both pol and env, our data indicate mean rates of molecular evolution of 1 to 3% per 10 years. These results support the premise that FIVpco is well adapted to its cougar host and provide a basis for comparing lentivirus evolution in endemic and epidemic infections in natural hosts. Found onlineNatureBib ID: 651392 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=187433 0 Bengis, R. G. Kock, R.A. Fischer, J. 2002 Revue Scientifique Technique Office International des Epizooties 21 53-65 2002 animal diseases, diagnosis, domestic animals, management, wildlife, general wildlife health studies The long-standing conflict between livestock owners and animal health authorities on the one hand, and wildlife conservationists on the other, is largely based on differing attitudes to controlling diseases of livestock which are associated with wildlife. The authors have attempted to highlight the fact that these disease problems are frequently bi-directional at the wildlife/livestock interface. The different categories of diseases involved are presented. A new dimension being faced by veterinary regulatory authorities is the spectre of emerging sylvatic foci of diseases, such as bovine tuberculosis, bovine brucellosis and possibly rinderpost; these diseases threaten to undermine national and international eradication schemes, and at great cost. Conversely, wildlife-based ecotourism world-wide has expanded rapidly over the past decade and is the source of lack foreign revenue for many developing countries. Traditional subsistence farming is still the largest source of much-needed protein on some continents and this, together with the growth and hunger of historically disadvantaged communities for land, is forcing enterprises and communities with markedly different objectives and land-use practices to operate effectively in close proximity. Some land-users rely exclusively on wildlife, others on livestock and/or agronomy, while yet others need to combine these activities. The net result may be an expansion or intenstification of the interface between wildlife and domestic livestock, which will require innovative control strategies that permit differing types of wildlife/livestock interaction, and that do not threaten the land-use options of neighbours, or the ability of a country to market animal products profitably. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652077 http://www.oie.int/eng/publicat/rt/2101/R.G.%20BENGIS.pdf 10 Sloat, Matthew R. Shepard, Bradley B. Clancey, Pat 2000 Report to Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks Fisheries Division Helena, Montana Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks Fisheries Division 165p. March 2000 myxobolus, Myxobolus cerebralis, westslope cutthroat trout, whirling disease, wildlife health Prior to about 1900 the Madison River supported populations of native westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchusclarki lewisi, arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus, mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni, and mottled sculpins Cottus bairdi (Jordan 1891; USDI 1954). Steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were stocked into the Madison River in 1900, and brown trout Salmo trutta were planted about 1910 (USDI 1954). By 1920 the grayling population had nearly disappeared, but the mountain whitefish populations persisted (USDI 1954). Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis were both introduced around 1920 (USDI 1954). By 1930, both rainbow and brown trout were well established in the Madison River. Releases of hatchery-raised catchable rainbow trout into the Madison River continued until the early 1970’s when a research project found that releases of hatchery rainbow trout suppressed populations of wild rainbow and brown trout (Vincent 1987). Releases of hatchery fish into the Madison River ceased in 1974 (Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, fish planting database). From 1974 to 1990 the Madison River supported a very popular and successful fishery for wild rainbow and brown trout (Vincent 1980). The rainbow trout population began declining in the early 1990’s and in 1994 whirling disease was identified as the cause. Angler catch rates for rainbow trout have declined significantly, while catch rates for brown trout have remained essentially unchanged. From 1950 to the present, biologists have been documenting a decline in the distribution and abundance of westslope cutthroat trout throughout their range (Hanzel 1959; Rieman and Apperson 1989; Rieman and McIntyre 1993). This decline has been extremely pronounced in the upper Missouri River basin (Shepard et al. 1997). The Madison River drainage now supports only a few isolated populations of westslope cutthroat trout (Shepard et al. 1997). These few remaining cutthroat populations are restricted to headwater portions of tributaries, usually above some type of fish barrier. Recent data from the Madison River suggests that whirling disease has not impacted these cutthroat trout populations and that some cutthroat drift down out of these tributaries to the Madison River. This information suggests that by restoring strong populations of westslope cutthroat trout to tributaries of the Madison River, it may be possible to develop a fishable population of westslope cutthroat trout in the Madison River. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652371 http://fwp.mt.gov/content/getItem.aspx?id=18678 0 Roffe, Thomas J. Rhyan, Jack C. Aune, Keith Philo, L. Michael Ewalt, Darla R. Gidlewski, Thomas Hennager, Steven G. 1999 Journal of Wildlife Management 63 1132-1137 1999 70 animal studies, bacteria, bacteriology, bison, Bison bison, Brucella abortus, brucellosis, serology, wildlife health, brucella We collected complete sets of tissues, fluids, and swabs (approx 30) from 37 Yellowstone National Park (YNP) female bison (Bison bison) killed as a result of management actions by the Montana Department of Livestock and YNP personnel. Our goal was to establish the relation between blood tests demonstrating an animal has antibody to Brucella and the potential of that animal to be infected during the second trimester of pregnancy the time when most management actions are taken. Twenty-eight of the 37 bison were seropositive adults (27)or a seropositive calf (1). We cultured samples using macerated whole tissues plated onto 4 Brucella selective media and-incubated with added CO2 for a week. Specimens fro1112 adult seropositive females were contaminated, thus eliminating them from our data. Twelve of the remaining 26 seropositive adult and calf female bison (46%)were culture positive for Brucella abortus from 1 or more tissues. Culture positive adult females had high serologic titers. All 11 adults measured <0.115 on the Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immunoassay(PCFIA),and 9 (82%)were <0.085. Complement fixation (CF) titers were >3+ at 1:40 for 10 of 11 (91%) animals. All culture positive female adults had either a PCFIA 50.080 or a CF reaction 24+ at 1:80. However 5 (36%)bison with high titers were culture negative for B. abortus. Our findings on the relation between Brucella serology and culture are similar to those reported from studies of chronically infected cattle herds. Found in Bison Library and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 19364 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-541X%28199910%2963%3A4%3C1132%3ABIYNPB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R 10 Patla, Debra A. Peterson, Charles R. 1998 Denver Zoological Foundation 16 p. March 30, 1998 AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES(PA amphibians, decline, reptiles, wildlife health, general wildlife health studies Recent declines in amphibian populations may have important negative ecological consequences, but current knowledge about the extent, severity, and causes of the declines is limited. Since 1991, we have conducted a monitoring and research program in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) to determine the status and trend of amphibian populations and to investigate the causes of declines. A formerly common species, the Boreal Toad, appears to have substantially declined, with breeding populations that are apparently less numerous and smaller than in the 1950s. The causes of this probable decline are unknown. Other formerly common species of frogs, the Columbia Spotted Frog and the Boreal Chorus Frog, remain widespread and abundant, with no indication of declines. Expanded efforts are needed to determine if Boreal Toads continue to decline and to detect declines of other species if they occur.In this project, we will investigate the use of a relatively new technique in conservation biology, fluctuating asymmetry, to determine if the technique has application to understanding, monitoring, and predicting changes in amphibian populations. Individual animals subject to environmental stress during development may exhibit permanent asymmetry in paired, bilateral characters, such as differences in the size of right and left limbs. Populations with relatively high levels of random, nondirectional differences in paired characters (fluctuating asymmetry) may be indicating that unusual stress factors are present. High levels of fluctuating asymmetry thus may serve as an early warning system of impending declines. Recent work with tropical Australian frogs suggests that fluctuating asymmetry could be a powerful tool for monitoring frog populations and predicting declines, but the technique has not been applied to amphibians in the region.In this project, we seek to determine if natural populations of Boreal Toads and Columbia Spotted Frogs in the GYE show significant levels of fluctuating asymmetry and if these levels vary with the species, location and age class. At selected toad and frog breeding sites across the GYE, we will measure front and hind limbs of adults and young-of-the-year. We will compare levels of fluctuating asymmetry among the populations, and we will test for relationships between asymmetry and extrinsic factors, such as breeding site distance from roads and site elevation. The results of this pilot study will allow us to determine if measurement of fluctuating asymmetry can be used to identify populations that are under stress and thus are declining or likely to decline, with application for monitoring both captive and natural populations. Results may assist us greatly in formulating testable hypotheses about the causes of population declines. Based on the results of this project, we plan to pursue intensive field and laboratory research to investigate patterns of fluctuating asymmetry across the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and to identify environmental factors that contribute to elevated stress levels and population declines. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652331 0 Baldwin, Thomas J. Peterson, James E. McGhee, Gayle C. Staigmiller, Kenneth D. Motteram, E.S. Downs, Christopher C. Stanek, Danielle R. 1998 Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 10 361-367 December, 1998 brown trout, Myxobolus cerebralis, rainbow trout, salmonid species, whirling disease, wildlife health Over an approximately 2-year period, 20,974 fish (trout and other salmonid species) from 230 separate waters (creeks, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, hatcheries, and irrigation ditches) within 21 of the 22 major drainages in Montana were examined for Myxobolus cerebralis. Nine of the major river drainages have waters containing infected fish: Beaverhead, Big Hole, Blackfoot, Clark Fork above the Bitterroot River, Flathead below the south fork of the Flathead River, Jefferson, Madison, Missouri above the Marias River, and Yellowstone above the Bighorn River. The Beaverhead, Clark Fork above the Bitterroot River, Jefferson, Madison, and Missouri above the Marias River have the greatest number of waters containing fish infected with M. cerebralis. Comparisons of infection levels (number of pooled samples that contain fish infected with M. cerebralis) between species among these drainages show significantly lower levels of infection in brown trout Salmo trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Missouri above the Marias River drainage and significantly higher levels of infection of rainbow trout in the Jefferson. Comparisons of differences in infection levels between drainages among species show that, in the Beaverhead, Clark Fork above the Bitterroot River, and Madison, infection levels in brown trout are significantly higher than in rainbow trout. This is partially attributed to losses of juvenile rainbow trout because of M. cerebralis infection, leading to biased samples. Histopathologic studies showed lesions were consistently less severe in brown trout than other species and occurred in a different location (gill arches versus ventral calvarium). In six of the nine affected drainages (Beaverhead, Blackfoot, Clark Fork above the Bitterroot River, Flathead below the South Fork, Jefferson, and Madison), infected fish were found at or near the time that intensive sampling was initiated in the spring of 1995. In the three remaining affected drainages (Missouri above the Marias River, Yellowstone above the Bighorn River, and the Big Hole), infected fish were not identified until at least 15 months after the initiation of widespread testing. This indicates that in the first six drainages listed above, the infection was well established prior to 1995 but spread into the last three drainages in the ensuing months. Methods of transmission and the sources of infection are unknown, although the absence of infected fish in state, private, and federal hatcheries in Montana indicates hatchery fish from these sources are not likely to be responsible. Found abstract online, full-text available via Journal Subscription through the American Fisheries Society, http://afs.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-archiveNatureBib ID: 652476 0 Hollingsworth, Charla R. 1998 Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 27 145-154 1998 animal studies, bison, Bison bison, Brucella abortus, brucellosis, management, wildlife health, brucella, bacteria Yellowstone National Park officials managed the park under a natural regulation policy for many years. The park’s wildlife populations naturally increased, or declined, as food supplies and environmental conditions dictated. The winter of 1996 was extremely harsh for the park’s bison, causing many to migrate from the park in search of forage. Livestock producers near the park feared infected bison would transmit brucellosis(Brucella abortus) to their cattle. The disease causes abortions and still-born deliveries in cattle, as well as undulant fever in humans. Brucellosis became the focus of strict nationwide animal health control policies and federally enforced quarantines. Wyoming governor Mike Sullivan orchestrated the creation of a multiagency management committee entitled The Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee, to be formed in addressing the disease in wildlife, namely bison and elk (Cervus elaphus). Its purpose was to establish a practical management plan to reduce migratory bison fatalities, preserve the park’s natural regulation policy, and ensure the retention of adjacent states’ brucellosis-free status from the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Montana governmental agencies and area livestock producers feared economic difficulties for the cattle industry in that state due to a rescission of their federal brucellosis-free status resulting from the park’s bison intermingling with cattle. By late 1996, National Park Service employees hazed, corralled, and later shot bison in attempts to keep the animals from associating with Montana livestock. This case illustrates a multiagency management dilemma, interest group backlash, and the roles inadequate scientific knowledge and sensationalism can play in addressing a national controversy. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 19350 http://www.jnrlse.org/pdf/1998/e98-11.pdf 0 Mills, James N. Jerry M. Johnson Thomas G. Ksiazek Barbara A. Ellis Pierre E. Rollin Terry L. Yates Michael O. Mann Mark R. Johnson Mariel L. Campbell Jennifer Miyashiro Michael Patrick Michael Zyzak Dave Lavendar Mark G. Novak Karina Schm 1998 The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 525-532 animal studies, ecology, hantavirus, hantavirus antibodies, management, national parks, report, rodents (Rodentia), virus, wildlife health Hantavirus activity in 39 National Parks in the eastern and central United States was surveyed by testing 1,815 small mammals of 38 species for antibody reactive to Sin Nombre virus. Antibody-positive rodents were found throughout the area sampled, and in most biotic communities. Antibody was detected in 7% of 647 deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), 2% of 590 white-footed mice (P. leucopus), 17% of 12 rice rats (Oryzomys palustris), 3% of 31 cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), and 33% of 18 western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Antibody was also found in three of six species of voles, and in one of 33 chipmunks (Tamias minimus). Prevalence among Peromyscus was highest in the northeast. Although few cases of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome have been identified from the eastern and central regions, widespread infection in reservoir populations indicates that potential exists for human infection throughout much of the United States. Found at Yellowstone Research Library and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 597105 http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/58/4/525.pdf 7 Cheville, Norman F. Dale R. McCullough Lee R. Paulson 1998 Grossblatt, Norman National Academies Press 186p. 0309059895 599.643 C528 bison, brucellosis, cattle, elk, Greater Yellowstone Area, transmission, vaccines, wildlife health, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria Brucellosis, a bacterial disease, was first noted in the Greater Yellowstone Area in 1917 and has since been a chronic presence there. This book reviews existing scientific knowledge regarding brucellosis transmission among wildlife, particularly bison, elk, and cattle, in the Greater Yellowstone Area. It examines the mechanisms of transmission, risk of infection, and vaccination strategies. The book also assesses the actual infection rate among bison and elk and describes what is known about the prevalence of Brucella abortus among other wildlife. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 647982 http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5957 10 Bridgewater, Donald R. 1997 Englewood, Colorado Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service - Veterinary Services 22p. September 17, 19 24 Bison, Brucella, Brucellosis, Brucella abortus, interspecies transmission, transmission, cattle, elk, moose, wildlife health, bacteria This paper addresses only the interspecies transmission of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) between domestic bovine, domestic equine, captive bison, free-ranging wild elk and free-ranging wild bison. Moose were included, however, because B. abortus in this animal produces a generalized and an apparently fatal disease. Other wildlife species, e.g., deer, pronghorn antelope, mountain sheep, coyotes, wolves and bear, to name a few, are epidemiologically regarded to be of no significance in the maintenance and transmission of B. abortus. Found in Bison Library, document on computerNatureBib ID: 652045 3 Rhyan, Jack C. Aune, Keith Roffe, Thomas J. Ewalt, Darla R. Gidlewski, Thomas Philo, L. Michael 1997 Irby, Lynn R J. Knight International Symposium on Bison Ecology and Management in North America Bozeman, MT Montana State University June 4-7, 1997 Bison Library: 227, YRL: animal studies, bison (Bison bison), brucella abortus, brucella, bacteria, brucellosis, disease, Yellowstone National Park The bison in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) have been infected with Brucella abortus since at least 1917. Basic knowledge of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of brucellosis in YNP bison is needed to develop workable strategies to minimize the risk of disease transmission to local livestock and to ultimately eliminate the infection from wildlife in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). The purpose of this study is to determine the tissue localization sites of and lesions produced by B. abortus in female bison from YNP.Between February 1995 and January 1997, specimens were collected from 26 seropositive adult female bison. Twenty-five of the animals were killed after leaving YNP and one animal was killed by YNP personnel because it had a retained placenta and was in close proximity to the northern border of YNP. Additionally, specimens were collected from a term fetus and placenta that were found near Gardiner, MT, in April of 1996. Cultures have been completed on 16 of the adult bison and on the fetus. Brucella abortus was isolated from 7 of the 16 adult animals. The most common culture positive tissues were the supramammary, retropharyngeal, and iliac lymph nodes. Brucella abortus was isolated from 15 specimens including the placenta and feces from the bison with the retained placenta. The organism was also located from 15 sites cultured from the term fetus and placenta found near Gardiner. Histologically, lesions from the fetus and both placentas were consistent with those produced by B. abortus in cattle, goats, and captive bison.A group of yearling bison showed blood in their feces, and coccidiosis was investigated as a possible cause. Coccidia per gram feces counts were relatively low, but treatment with a coccidiostat was pursued. Found in Bison Library and at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 602705 0 Gese, Eric M. Ronald D. Schultz Mark R. Johnson Elizabeth S. Williams Robert L. Crabtree Robert L. Ruff 1997 Journal of Wildlife Diseases Wildlife Disease Association 33 47-56 January, 1997 animal studies, canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, coyote (Canis latrans), wildlife health From October 1989 to June 1993, we captured and sampled 110 coyotes (Canis latrans) for various diseases in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA). Prevalence of antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) was 100% for adults (>24 months old), 100% for yearlings (12 to 24 months old), and 100% for old pups (4 to 12 months old); 0% of the young pups (<3 months old) had antibodies against CPV. Presence of antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) was associated with the age of the coyote, with 88%, 54%, 23%, and 0% prevalence among adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. Prevalence of CDV antibodies declined over time from 100% in 1989 to 33% in 1992. The prevalence of canine infectious hepatitis (ICH) virus antibodies was 97%, 82%, 54%, and 33%, for adults, yearlings, old pups and young pups, respectively. The percentage of coyotes with ICH virus antibodies also declined over time from a high of 100% in 1989 to 31% in 1992 and 42% in 1993. Prevalence of antibodies against Yersinia pestis was 86%, 33%, 80%, and 7% for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups respectively, and changed over time from 57% in 1991 to 0% in 1993. The prevalence of antibodies against Francisella tularensis was 21%, 17%, 10%, and 20%, for adults, yearlings, old pups, and young pups, respectively. No coyotes had serologic evidence of exposure to brucellosis, either Brucella abortus or Brucella canis. No coyotes were seropositive to Leptospira interrogans (serovars canicola, hardjo, and icterohemorrhagiae). Prevalence of antibodies against L. interrogans serovar pomona was 7%, 0%, 0%, and 9%, for adults, yearlings, old pups and young pups, respectively. Antibodies against L. interrogans serovar grippotyphosa were present in 17% of adults and 0% of yearlings, old pups, and young pups. Many infectious canine pathogens (CPV, CDV, ICH virus) are prevalent in coyotes in Yellowstone National Park, with CPV influencing coyote pup survival during the first 3 months of life; eight of 21 transmitted pups died of CPV infection in 1992. The potential impact of these canine pathogens on wolves (C. lupus) reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park remains to be documented. Found at Yellowstone Research Library and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 111951 http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/33/1/47 31 Schubert, D. J. Crystal, Howard B. Glitzenstein, Eric R. 1997 Babbit, Bruce Kennedy, Roger Finley, Michael Meyer & Glitzenstein January 21, 1997 bacteria, bison, Brucellosis, management, severe winter, wildlife health, brucella abortus, brucella On behalf of the Fund for Animals, [Meyer & Glitzenstein] is writing regarding the urgent need for the National Park Service ("NPS") to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA"), 42 U.S.C. [section] 4321 et seq, regarding the implementation this winter of the Interim Bison Management Plan ("IBMP"). Although an Environmental Assessment ("EA") was conducted concerning the IBMP, this EA did not consider either the extreme severity of conditions this winter or the enormous number of bison which have been and continue to be killed -- a number which, as Superintendent Finley has explained he is "painfully aware," is "fast approaching the maximum 569 bison ever killed as a result of state and federal management of the Yellowstone bison population" Letter of Jan. 17, 1997 (attachment 1). Indeed, so many bison are being killed that, according to the NPS's own bison expert, Dr. Mary Meagher: "A population crash appears likely, and the system itself that supports bison may be collapsing." Mary Meagher, unpublished data (Jan. 6, 1997) at 2. (attachment 2). Moreover, we understand that bison are currently being killed in a manner inconsistent with the IBMP. Consequently, supplemental analysis under NEPA is plainly required by NEPA's implementing regulations, 40 C.F.R. [section] 1502.9(c)(1), and thus the NPS should immediately suspend its participation in the IBMP until this legally mandated analysis is completed. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652368 0 Rhyan, Jack C. Aune, Keith Ewalt, Darla R. Marquardt, Janet Mertins, James W. Payeur, Janet B Saari, Dennis A. Schladweiler, Philip Sheehan, Edward J. Worley, David 1997 Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33 290-298 April 1997 249 elk, wyoming, Montana, disease, Yellowstone National Park, tuberculosis, brucella abortus, brucellosis, brucella, bacteria From December 1991 through January 1995, a disease survey was conducted on herds of free-ranging, hunter-killed elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) from three areas in proximity to Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming (USA), after tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis was discovered in a captive herd of elk in the area. Complete or partial sets of specimens from 289 elk collected between December 1991 and January 1993 were examined histologically; no mycobacterial lesions were observed. Lesions of tuberculosis were not detected in tonsils or lymph nodes of the head from an additional 99 hunter-killed, adult elk form one area (area 2) collected in January 1995. Neither M. bovis nor M. paratuberculosis were isolated from any of the specimens cultured. Antibodies to Brucella abortus were detected in serum samples from 0%, 1%, and 1% of elk from three areas sampled (areas 1, 2, and 3), respectively. Brucella abortus biovar 1 was isolated from multiple tissues from one seropositive animal from area 3. Larvae with morphology consistent with Dictyocaulus sp. were found in 12%, 14%, and 0% of fecal specimens tested from areas 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Actinomyces pyogenes were isolated from a lung with purulent bronchopneumonia and abscesses. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 123121 www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/33/2/290.pdf 0 Olsen, Steven C. Cheville, Norman F. Kunkle, R. A. Palmer, Mitchell V. Jensen, A. E. 1997 Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33 146-151 1997 193 vaccination, brucella abortus, brucellosis, bacteria, bison, Bison bison, brucella, serology, strain 19, strain RB51, vaccine, wildlife health From August 1993 to June 1994, 3 month-old bison (Bison bison) were vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51, n=6), strain 19 (S19, n=3), or with saline (n=1) and serologic responses and persistence of vaccine strains within lymph nodes were monitored. Bison vaccinated with S19 had granulomatous lymphadenitis and greater peak numbers of B. abortus than those vaccinated with SRB51. Bison vaccinated with RB51 had similar histological lesions and B. abortus were still present in lymph nodes at 16 weeks. Although antibodies against RB51 were produced, standard tube agglutination test responses of RB51-vaccinates remained negative. The histological lesions of B. abortus infections in bison were similar to those observed in cattle, but bison did not clear SRB51 as rapidly as cattle. Found in Bison Library and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652325 http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/33/1/146 31 Barton, Claude E. Johnson, Billy G. Sanders, R. B. Warner, David White, Ronald L. 1997 USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 1-26 258 258 APHIS Policy, cattle, brucellosis, Wyoming, management, bison, disease, eradication, history, elk, Yellowstone National Park, Grand Teton National Park, distribution, infection, Greater Yellowstone Area, brucella, bacteria, brucella abortus Strong Program Elements:1. Herd record files2. Calfhood vaccination 3. Animal identification at livestock markets 4. Epidemiology support 5. Laboratory 6. Veterinary support in the field 7. Activities of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department in controlling brucellosis affected wildlife 8. Brand inspection 9. Interest and support of the livestock industry Program Elements Needing Improvement: 1. State-Federal relations 2. Market cattle surveillance 3. Public information 4. Documentation of MCI tracebacks 5. APHIS, VS assistance in dealing with brucellosis in wildlife Found in Bison LibraryNatureBib ID: 652026 0 Palmer, Mitchell V. Olsen, Steven C. Gilsdorf, Michael J. Philo, Lee M. Clarke, Patrick R. Cheville, Norman F. 1996 American Journal of Veterinary Research 57 1604-1607 November, 1996 MAMMALS-BOVIDAE-BISON(PA bison, Brucella abortus, cow, placentitis, strain RB51, vaccination, vaccine, wildlife health Objective -- To determine the ability of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to induce placentitis and abortion in bison after SC vaccinationAnimals -- 10 pregnant bison cows, 3 to 10 years old and at 3 to 8 months' gestationProcedure -- Pregnant bison cows on a Montana ranch were vaccinated SC with 109 colony-forming units of B. abortus strain RB51. Two cows, identified prior to the study, were euthanatized and examined 5 weeks after vaccination to obtain optimal histologic samples of placenta. Other cows were euthanatized and examined after abortion. After euthanasia, tissue specimens were collected for histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tissue and fluid specimens for bacteriologic culture were also collected during necropsy.Results -- Of 8 cows, 2 aborted at 68 and 107 days after vaccination. Aborting cows had endometritis. Strain RB51 was isolated from reproductive tissues and supramammary lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen; however, fetal bronchial lymph nodes and amniotic fluid contained strain RB51. Cows examined 5 weeks after vaccination had placentitis and endometritis, with numerous bacteria within trophoblastic epithelial cells that were immunoreactive for strain RB51 antigen. Strain RB51 was isolated from placentomes and numerous lymph nodes. Fetal lesions were not seen 5 weeks after vaccination; however strain RB51 was isolated from numerous lymph nodes and lung, allantoic fluid, and rectal swab specimens.Conclusion --The vaccine candidate B. abortus RB51 has tropism for the bison placenta, and can cause placentitis, which induces abortion in pregnant bison. The vaccine dose used was similar to that being tested in cattle, but may not be appropriate for pregnant bison. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652329 0 Jensen, A. E. Ewalt, D.R. Cheville, Norman F. Thoen, C. O. Payeur, J.B. 1996 Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34 628-633 March, 1996 136 strain RB51, brucella abortus, brucella, brucellosis, stability, bison, elk, cattle, wildlife health, vaccination Brucella abortus RB51 and isolates from cattle, bison, and elk were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and standard techniques for biotyping Brucella species, which included biochemical, morphological, and antigenic techniques, phage susceptibility, and antibiotic resistance. The objectives were to ascertain the stability of RB51 and to differentiate RB51 from other brucellae. Genomic restriction endonuclease patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated a unique fingerprint for RB51 relative to other brucellae. Comparisons of the oxidative metabolic profiles of RB51 after time in vivo (14 weeks) and in vitro (75 passages) showed no change in characteristic patterns of oxygen uptake on selected amino acid and carbohydrate substrates. Strain RB51 was biotyped as a typical rough B. abortus biovar 1 (not strain 19) after animal passage or a high number of passages in vitro and remained resistant to rifampin or penicillin and susceptible to tetracycline. No reactions with A or M antiserum or with a monoclonal antibody to the O antigen of Brucella lipopolysaccharides were detected; however, RB51 agglutinated with R antiserum. The results indicate that the genomic fingerprint and rough colonial morphology of RB51 are stable characteristics and can be used to differentiate this vaccine strain from Brucella isolates from cattle, bison, and elk. Found in Bison Library, Yellowstone Research Library, and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652247 http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/34/3/628.pdf 3 Frye, Granville H. Bob R. Hillman 1994 Thorne, E. Tom Mark S. Boyce Paul Nicoletti Terry J. Kreeger Brucellosis, Bison, Elk, and Cattle in the Greater Yellowstone Area: Defining the Problem, Exploring Solutions Jackson, WY Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 79-85 September 26-28, 636.089 B886 1997 brucellosis, livestock, eradication, wildlife health, brucella brucella abortus bacteria The goal of the Cooperative State--Federal National Brucellosis Eradication Program is to eliminate brucellosis from the domestic livestock of the United States by 1998. Nineteen ninety-four marks the 60th anniversary of the beginning of this cooperative effort and the 40th anniversary of when eradication became the objective. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652143 3 Hillman, Bob R. Clarence J. Siroky Dob Bosman 1994 Thorne, E. Tom Mark S. Boyce Paul Nicoletti Terry J. Kreeger Brucellosis, Bison, Elk, and Cattle in the Greater Yellowstone Area: Defining the Problem, Exploring Solutions Jackson, WY Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 206-211 September 26-28, 636.089 B886 1997 bison, brucellosis, cattle, elk, management, wildlife health, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria Brucellosis in wildlife is an issue of vital importance to the animal health agencies of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. These states are classified Brucellosis Free in the National Brucellosis Eradication Program. Brucellosis in elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and bison (Bison bison) of the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) represents the last foci of brucellosis in the intermountain region. As of August 1994 there were only five infected cattle herds in the western half of the United States (USDA 1994).Over the past few years, great progress has been made in reducing the number of brucellosis infected cattle herds in the U.S. As of August 1994, there were 198 brucellosis infected cattle herds (USDA 1994b). Within 5 years, brucellosis in wildlife in the GYA may be the last known focus of brucellosis in the United States. Unless efforts are made to control brucellosis in wildlife and prevent exposure to cattle to them in the GYA, the status of the three states will be in jeopardy. This will require animal health agencies and cattle industries of the three states to continue prevention, control, and surveillance activities long after such activities have ceased for the rest of the United States. The fear of possible exposure also could result in discrimination against cattle from the three states by testing requirements or trade restrictions imposed by other states and countries. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652235 31 Johnson, Mark R. 1992 Varley, John D. Brewster, Wayne Broadbent, Sarah E. Evanoff, Renee Wolves for Yellowstone? A Report to the United States Congress Volume IV Research and Analysis Yellowstone National Park, WY National Park Service 71-92 278 wolves, Yellowstone National Park, brucella in wolves, brucellosis, animal studies, disease, gray wolf (Canis lupus), tuberculosis, wildlife health Brucellosis (Brucella spp.) and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.) in wildlife are of concern due to their potential for being transmitted between wildlife, domestic livestock, and humans. Assessing the role of canids in the ecology of these 2 diseases can provide an understanding of how wild canids, such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans), and wolves (Canis lupus), may participate in disease transmission and maintenance. In North America, B. abortus, B. suis, biovar 4, and B. canis have been identified in either domestic dogs (Canis domesticus) or wild canids. B. abortus primarily infects cattle and has been reported in dogs, foxes, coyotes, and wolves. Clinical illness due to B. abortus infections is rarely observed in canids. Coyotes can transmit B. abortus to cattle under experimental conditions, but similar transmission is unlikely in free-ranging conditions. B. suis, biovar 4 primarily infects caribou and reindeer and is limited to circumpolar regions. B. suis, biovar 4 has been reported in dogs foxes and wolves. Limited research has demonstrated that little or no clinical illness is produces in canids. Foxes can transmit B. suis, biovar 4 to reindeer under experimental conditions, but similar transmission is unlikely in free-ranging conditions. B. canis may cause reproductive disorders in domestic dogs. B. canis is rarely reported in wild canids. Free-ranging canids can be naturally infected with B. abortus, B. suis, biovar 4, and possibly B. canis. Previous investigations suggest wild canids generally do not become clinically ill due to Brucella infections. Wild canids can shed Brucella bacteria in feces if enough infected material is ingested, although the amount shed is normally much lower than the original amount ingested. Canids participate in the disease ecology of brucellosis as mechanical vectors, rather than biological vectors. The 3 principal types of tuberculosis affecting wildlife are M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. avium complex. Tuberculosis in humans (M. tuberculosis) is increasing, as specially within the larger cities. Predominant reservoirs of M. bovis are captive exotic and North American wildlife especially in primate colonies, game farms, and zoological parks. Tuberculosis in wildlife is difficult to diagnose due to a lack of test methods validated for wildlife. Tuberculosis affects domestic dogs in a manner similar to that of other animals. Dogs with tuberculosis have been most commonly infected by humans or cattle. Foxes in fur farms can be infected with tuberculosis when fed meatscraps from infected cattle. Tuberculosis is rarely observed in free-ranging wildlife, including canids. A report of 2 wolves with tuberculosis from Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, is the only reported case of tuberculosis in wolves. Since canids can be infected with tuberculosis, occasional cases might be observed in canids closely associated with heavily infected ungulates. Wild canids apparently do not act as reservoirs of tuberculosis. Found in Bison Library and Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 32732 0 Angus, R. D. 1989 Proceedings: United States Animal Health Association 93 656-666 1989 41 strain 19, brucella abortus, dosage, stability, ballistic implant, vaccination, brucellosis, bacteria, wildlife health The National Brucellosis Eradication Program has made considerable progress in recent years. Most states of the United States have achieved Certified Brucellosis Free or Class A status for the domestic cattle population. In Wyoming, however, there are foci of Brucella abortus infection in certain free-ranging elk and bison herds. It has been shown that elk respond to B. abortus exposure and infection like cattle. Vaccination of cattle, elk, and bison with strain 19 can be expected to reduce the level of herd infection. If vaccination of free-ranging elk and bison could be accomplished effectively, the exposure potential for both wildlife and domestic livestock would be reduced and the progress toward brucellosis eradication would be preserved. The development of a ballistic implant delivery system has provided a potential method for vaccinating animals without use of physical or chemical restraint. This system is now being utilized to vaccinate free-ranging elk and bison for brucellosis. Found in Bison LibraryNatureBib ID: 651967 10 Greer, Kenneth R. 1982 Job Progress Report: Research Project Segment Montana Department of Fish and Game 20p. August 23, 1982 W-120-R-13; WL-1.0 parasites in bears, parasites, grizzly bear, management, mortality, wildlife health Montana grizzly bear hunting seasons are subject to federal rulings under the Endangered Species Act. Since 1975, a federal quota of 25 grizzlies has existed for the northern Montana grizzly populations, and no hunting is permitted in the southern Montana grizzly population. A total of 799 grizzly bear hunting licenses issued in 1981 was a 21 percent increase over the previous year. The 11 grizzlies killed by hunters in 1981 was identical to the 2 prior seasons. Five additional grizzlies were killed in the Border population for a total of 16 toward the 25 quota. A total of 6 known mortalities were recorded for the Interagency study area, and field studies with radio contacts suggest other probable and possible loss of individuals. Control actions were coordinated in relocating 4 individual grizzlies from the northern population, and 20 relocations were required in the Montana segment adjacent to Yellowstone National Park. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652206 10 Greer, Kenneth R. 1980 Job Progress Report: Research Project Segment Montana Department of Fish and Game 22p. September 5, 198 W-120-R-11; L-1.1 trichinellosis in bears, trichinellosis, grizzly bear, management, mortality, trichinella, wildlife health Montana grizzly bear hunting seasons are subject to federal rulings under the Endangered Species Act. Since 1975, a federal quota of 25 grizzlies has existed for the northern Montana grizzly populations, and no hunting is permitted in the southern Montana grizzly populations. Of the 18 grizzlies known to have been killed in the northern populations during 1979, 7 were by nonhunting and 11 by hunting. A total of 584 hunting licenses were issued. Five control actions of relocations was coordinated in the northern populations. Livestock incidents in the southern grizzly population resulted in one control action and dispatching the bear. Known grizzly mortalities are summarized for the Interagency study area. Various data were subjected to computer modeling. Trichinella were present in 14 of 17 grizzly samples. Some recommendations are presented. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652208 10 Greer, Kenneth R. 1979 Job Progress Report: Research Project Segment Montana Department of Fish and Game 13p. August 28, 1979 W-120-R-10; L-1.1 trichinellosis in bears trichinellosis, grizzly bear, management, mortality, wildlife health The 1976 Montana grizzly bear season was subject to a Federal ruling under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 that limited the annual mortality to 25 grizzlies from the northwest Montana populations and only permitted the Fish and Game Commission to set a season; the Federal rule prohibited the Fish and Game Commission from setting a season in the south central Montana grizzly population. The 14 grizzlies killed in northwest Montana included 7 by nonhunting and 7 by hunting. A total of 616 licenses were issued. There were 2 known and 5 strongly suspected nonhunting grizzly mortalities in the southcentral Montana grizzly populations. Three grizzlies were relocated. Trichinella were present in 71 percent of 14 grizzlies and 5 percent of 66 black bears. Interagency grizzly bear studies during the past four years indicate that 300-350 bears occur in the study area. Some recommendations are presented. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652207 10 Greer, Kenneth R. 1978 Job Progress Report: Research Project Segment Montana Department of Fish and Game 18p. September 29, 19 W-120-R-9; L-1.1 trichinellosis in bears trichinellosis, grizzly bear, management, mortality, trichinella, wildlife health The 1976 Montana grizzly bear season was subject to a Federal ruling under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 that limited the annual mortality to 25 grizzlies from the northwest Montana populations and only permitted the Fish and Game Commission to set season dates; the Federal rule prohibited the Fish and Game Commission from setting a season in the south central Montana grizzly populations. the 14 grizzlies killed in northwest Montana included 9 by nonhunting and 5 by hunting. A total of 513 licenses were issued. Hunters killed their grizzly in 5 separate districts that cover 2,912 square miles. The mortality of 46 percent females and 54 percent less than five years of age are similar to previous years. Three grizzlies were translocated. Trichinella was present in 53 percent of 15 grizzlies and 8 percent of 73 black bears. Eight grizzlies were radio-collared for cooperative studies with the Interagency investigations. Some recommendations are presented. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652205 10 Greer, Kenneth R. 1977 Job Progress Report: Research Project Segment Montana Department of Fish and Game 20p. October 13, 1977 trichinellosis in bears, trichinellosis, grizzly bear, management, mortality, wildlife health The 1976 Montana grizzly bear season was subject to a Federal ruling under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 that limited the annual mortality to 25 grizzlies from the northwest Montana populations and only permitted the Fish and Game Commission to set a season; the Federal rule prohibited the Fish and Game Commission from setting a season in the south central Montana grizzly populations. The 23 grizzlies killed in northwest Montana included 12 by nonhunting and 11 by hunting. A total of 513 licenses were issued. Hunter killed their grizzly in 6 of 11 adjacent districts that cover 6,114 square miles. Trichinella was present in 61 percent of 18 grizzlies and 5 percent of 44 black bears. Seven grizzlies were radio-collared for cooperative studies with the Interagency investigations. Some recommendations are presented. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652201 10 Greer, Kenneth R. 1976 Job Progress Report: Research Project Segment Montana Department of Fish and Game 20p. September 15, 19 W-120-R-7; L-1.1 grizzly bear, management, mortality, wildlife health, parasites, parasites in bears The 1975 Montana grizzly bear season was subject to a Federal ruling under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 which permitted the Fish and Game Commission to allow a season, only in Northwest Montana and limited to a total annual mortality of 25 grizzlies. About 660 of the 986 grizzly bear hunting licenses were present in some areas open to grizzly hunting during the 1975 season. The 22 total mortalities included 9 by nonhunting and 13 by hunting. Hunters killed their grizzly in 6 of the 10 adjacent districts that cover 5860 square miles. Over 60 percent of the 22 grizzlies were 6 years or less. An orphaned grizzly cub was reestablished in the wild, hibernated and was observed the following spring. The southern Montana grizzly populations did not have a hunting season in 1974 and 1975. Mortalities other than hunting were not authenticated in the Southern population for 1975. However, at least three grizzlies are assumed to have been killed but the fact could not be established. Five radio collared grizzlies provided information on movements, habitats, areas, and denning sites for four individuals. Various recommendations are presented. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652200 10 Greer, Kenneth R. 1972 Job Progress Report: Research Project Segment Montana Department of Fish and Game 44p. May 30, 1972 W-120-R-7; L-1.1 animal studies, grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), management, wildlife health, parasites in bears, parasites A total of 44 grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) mortalities are know for 1971 and included 22 harvested by hunters. Three hunting areas provided about 75 percent of the hunter harvest. Data for all grizzlies are noted. Various criteria were compared for sex dimorphism. Measurements of a lower canine indicated the least overlap (20 percent) between sexes. Age and sex of grizzly mortalities are listed. Events and circumstances required a special management program of trapping and transplanting grizzlies from the vicinity of West Yellowstone during 1971. A total of 17 grizzlies were transplanted and subsequent observations were made for all but three individuals. Various recommendations are presented. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 57769 3 Greer, Kenneth R. 1972 Herrero, S. Bears - Their Biology and Management: Papers and Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Bear Research and Management Calgary, Alberta, Canada International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 53-66 6-9 November, 19 animal studies, distribution, grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), hunting, laws and legislation, mammals, mortality, parasites, wildlife health, trichinellosis in bears, trichinellosis From a study of the former and present status of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) mortality in Montana, including areas immediately adjacent to Yellowstone. Internal parasites recovered from carcasses included porkworm larvae (Trichinella spiralis), large roundworms (Baylisascaris transfuga), tapeworms (Taenia sp. and Diphyllobothrium sp.) and hookworms (Unicaris sp.) Tests for brucellosis and leptospirosis were negative. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 57772 0 Jacobson, Richard H. Worley, David E. Greer, Kenneth R. 1969 Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association 5 95-98 April, 1969 animal studies, Cervus elaphus, elk, fringed tapeworm, parasites, Thysanosoma actinioides, wildlife health Post-mortem examination of 181 elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) from the northern Yellowstone Park herd in 1967-68 revealed that 41% were infected with Thysanosoma actinioides. Infections occurred in all age classes of animals from seven areas in the Yellowstone, Gardner and Lamar drainages in the northern section of the Park. Prevalence of the parasite was higher in calves and yearlings than in mature elk. Infections varied from 1 to 16 worms per animal, with an average intensity of 4.3 in 75 elk. Worms were confined to the first 6.2 feet of the small intestine, with no distinct habitat preference apparent within this area. Little evidence of T. actinioides or gross lesions associated with its presence was found in the liver or bile ducts of elk examined 20 to 40 minutes after death. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 51089 http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/5/2/95?ck=nck 0 Barrett, R.E. D.E. Worley 1966 Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association Wildlife Disease Association 5-6 January, 1966 animal studies, Dictyocaulus sp., disease, elk, Cervus elaphus, lungworm, mammals, parasites, range, wildlife health, winter, lungworms of ruminants, dictyocaulosis Although the elk is widely distributed in the northern Rocky Mountain region and is highly regarded as a game animal, little information is available on the incidence of internal parasites or on the relative significance of parasitism in elk herds maintained under varying range conditions. The months of December through February of 1964-65 afforded an excellent opportunity to survey the incidence of Dictyocaulussp. from three isolated populations of elk from adjacent ranges in the Yellowstone, Gallatin, and Madison drainages in south-central Montana. Found at Yellowstone Research library and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 64415 http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/2/1/5 10 Coburn, Don R. 1948 YNP Yellowstone National Park 30 26 26 Brucellosis, Yellowstone National Park, vaccination, herd reduction, slaughter, brucella abortus, bacteria brucella This report details a study of the Lamar Valley Bison. The purpose of the study is "to determine the effect of a combined field program of vaccination, and herd reduction by slaughter, of infected animals for control of Brucella abortus infection." The report contains tables that show the results of vaccination of the bison in Lamar Valley that were subject to the study. As well, there is a summary and conclusions for the study, and recommendations for the continuation of a vaccination program in Yellowstone National Park. Found in Bison LibraryNatureBib ID: 116383 0 Simon, James R. 1935 University of Wyoming Publications University of Wyoming 11-15 June 15, 1935 Animals- Diseases and Po animal studies, Bulbodacnitis scotti, classification, ecology, fish, nematoda, parasites, trout (Oncorhynchusnidae), westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi), wildlife health, Yellowstone Lake The material upon which this study was based consisted of ten male and eleven female specimens taken from the Yellowstone Lake trout, Salmo lewisi, in Yellowstone National Park. The collections were made during the summer of 1932. A careful examination of the nematode showed that it belonged to the genus Bulbodacnitis (Lane, 1916), but was unlike any of the known species of that genus. It is therefore described as a new species in this paper. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 84297 2 Simon, James R. 1933 University of Wyoming 33p. animal studies, Bulbodacnitis scotti, checklist, Cripidostomum transmarinum, Diphyllobothrium sp., fish, flatworms , &, roundworms (Helminthes), parasites, species identification, trematodes, trout (Oncorhynchusnidae), wildlife health, worms, Diphyllobot This thesis includes a description of a new species of parasitic round-worm, Bulbodacnitis scotti. There is also a re-description of a parasitic trematode, Cripidostomum transmarinum (Nicoll, 1909), and a description of Diphyllobothrium sp. The thesis contains nine tables, eight plates, and twenty-six figures. Unable to locate hard copy sourceNatureBib ID: 120224