10 Aune, Keith Cheville, Norman F. Davis, Don Hunter, David L. Rhyan, Jack C. Roffe, Thomas J. Williams, Elizabeth S. 9999 Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee Technical Subcommittee Working Group 9 462 bison, research, brucellosis, brucella, sample collection, sampling design, bacteria, bacterial culture, field sampling, wildlife health This protocol was designed for the collection of samples from bison in a uniform manner that will lead to data as free of contamination and artifact as is possible in a field setting. In addition to the complete protocol for optimum sampling situations, a short protocol is included for special situations that arise during sampling in the field. Examination of bison by biologists will involve recording of data on teeth, hair, horns and other physical characteristics. Special samples may be required for data during this phase of examination. Found at Bison Library and online, hardcopy on computerNatureBib ID: 651986 http://www.gyibc.com/Reference_Material/samplpro.htm 10 GYIBC Neil Anderson Mark Atkinson Keith Aune Ryan Clarke Chris Colligan Paul Cross Scott Creel Jose Diez Hank Edwards Vanessa Ezenwa Pat Flowers Amanda Fluegel Melissa Frost Arnold Gertonson Ken Hamlin Gregory Ledbetter Tom Linfield Eric 2005 Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 48p. June 30, 2005 - bison, brucellosis, elk, management, wildlife health, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria This annual report is intended to provide the reader the highlights of GYIBC activities as well as research and planning efforts of member agencies. This Executive Summary is intended to further summarize the report, by highlighting significant points from each author(s). Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652221 http://gyibc.com/Reference_Material/2005_annual_GYIBC.pdf 10 GYIBC Neil Anderson Mark Atkinson Keith Aune Ryan Clarke Hank Edwards Pat Flowers Frank Galey Arnold Gertonson Mark Gocke Ken Hamlin Tom Linfield Phil Mamer Bob Moon Dwayne Oldham Jack Rhyan Brandon Scurlock Laurie Shannon Rick Wallen R 2004 Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 40p. January 1, 2004 bison, brucellosis, elk, interagency, management, wildlife health, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria This annual report is intended to provide the reader the highlights of GYIBC activities for 2004 calendar year. The principle author(s) is listed on each topic so that they may be contacted if more detailed information is desired. This Executive Summary is intended to further summarize the report, by providing just a few key points from each section. Found online, pdf on computer NatureBib ID: 652222 http://gyibc.com/Reference_Material/2004_AnnualReport_Final.pdf 10 GYIBC Keith Aune Barbara Corso Don DeLong Pat Flowers Arnold Gertonson Mark Gocke Terry Kreeger Jim Logan Phil Mamer Jack Rhyan Tom Roffe Tom Thorne Rick Wallen 2003 Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 29p. bison, brucellosis, elk, interagency, management, wildlife health, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria This annual report is intended to provide the reader the highlights of GYIBC activities for 2003 calendar year. The principle author(s) is listed on each topic so that they may be contacted if more detailed information is desired. This Executive Summary is intended to further summarize the report, by providing just a few key points from each section. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 652223 http://gyibc.com/Reference_Material/2003_GYIBC_annual_report.pdf 0 Rhyan, Jack Thomas Gidlewski Thomas Roffe Keith Aune L. Philo Darla Ewalt 2001 Journal of Wildlife Diseases Wildlife Disease Association 37 101-109 January, 2001 Pathology, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteriology, serology, vertical transmission, bacteria, animal studies, bison (Bison bison), brucellosis, disease, wildlife health Between February 1995 and June 1999, specimens from seven aborted bison (Bison bison) fetuses or stillborn calves and their placentas, two additional placentas, three dead neonates, one 2-wk-old calf, and 35 juvenile and adult female bison from Yellowstone National Park (USA) were submitted for bacteriologic and histopathologic examination. One adult animal with a retained placenta had recently aborted. Serum samples from the 35 juvenile and adult bison were tested for Brucella spp. antibodies. Twenty-six bison, including the cow with the retained placenta, were seropositive, one was suspect, and eight were seronegative. Brucella abortus biovar 1 was isolated from three aborted fetuses and associated placentas, an additional placenta, the 2-wk-old calf, and 11 of the seropositive female bison including the animal that had recently aborted. Brucella abortus biovar 2 was isolated from one additional seropositive adult female bison. Brucella abortus was recovered from numerous tissue sites from the aborted fetuses, placentas and 2-wk-old calf. In the juvenile and adult bison, the organism was more frequently isolated from supramammary (83%), retropharyngeal (67%), and iliac (58%) lymph nodes than from other tissues cultured. Cultures from the seronegative and suspect bison were negative for B. abortus. Lesions in the B. abortus-infected, aborted placentas and fetuses consisted of necropurulent placentitis and mild bronchointerstitial pneumonia. The infected 2-wk-old calf had bronchointerstitial pneumonia, focal splenic infarction, and purulent nephritis. The recently-aborting bison cow had purulent endometritis and necropurulent placentitis. Immunohistochemical staining of tissues from the culture-positive aborted fetuses, placentas, 2-wk-old calf, and recently-aborting cow disclosed large numbers of B. abortus in placental trophoblasts and exudate, and fetal and calf lung. A similar study with the same tissue collection and culture protocol was done using six seropositive cattle from a B. abortus-infected herd in July and August, 1997. Results of the bison and cattle studies were similar. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 602880 http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/101 0 Roffe, Thomas J. Rhyan, Jack C. Aune, Keith Philo, L. Michael Ewalt, Darla R. Gidlewski, Thomas Hennager, Steven G. 1999 Journal of Wildlife Management 63 1132-1137 1999 70 animal studies, bacteria, bacteriology, bison, Bison bison, Brucella abortus, brucellosis, serology, wildlife health, brucella We collected complete sets of tissues, fluids, and swabs (approx 30) from 37 Yellowstone National Park (YNP) female bison (Bison bison) killed as a result of management actions by the Montana Department of Livestock and YNP personnel. Our goal was to establish the relation between blood tests demonstrating an animal has antibody to Brucella and the potential of that animal to be infected during the second trimester of pregnancy the time when most management actions are taken. Twenty-eight of the 37 bison were seropositive adults (27)or a seropositive calf (1). We cultured samples using macerated whole tissues plated onto 4 Brucella selective media and-incubated with added CO2 for a week. Specimens fro1112 adult seropositive females were contaminated, thus eliminating them from our data. Twelve of the remaining 26 seropositive adult and calf female bison (46%)were culture positive for Brucella abortus from 1 or more tissues. Culture positive adult females had high serologic titers. All 11 adults measured <0.115 on the Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immunoassay(PCFIA),and 9 (82%)were <0.085. Complement fixation (CF) titers were >3+ at 1:40 for 10 of 11 (91%) animals. All culture positive female adults had either a PCFIA 50.080 or a CF reaction 24+ at 1:80. However 5 (36%)bison with high titers were culture negative for B. abortus. Our findings on the relation between Brucella serology and culture are similar to those reported from studies of chronically infected cattle herds. Found in Bison Library and online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 19364 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-541X%28199910%2963%3A4%3C1132%3ABIYNPB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R 3 Aune, Keith Roffe, Thomas J. Rhyan, Jack C. Mack, John Clark, Wendy 1997 Irby, Lynn R J. Knight International Symposium on Bison Ecology and Management in North America Bozeman, MT Montana State University 61-70 June 4-7, 1997 Bison Library: 227, YRL: bison, Yellowstone National Park, migration, reproduction, behavior, ecology, bacteria, brucella, brucella abortus, animal studies, brucellosis, northern range, Lamar Valley We captured and radio collared 10 female bison in 1995 and an additional 12 female bison in 1996 in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park during a study of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of brucellosis in bison. Bison were regularly radio-tracked between October 1995 and May 1997. Pregnancy was determined using ultrasound in the October captures and by rectal palpation in February captures. Bison calving behavior was recorded during eight observation sessions. Calving success was determined by inserting vaginal transmitters in collared females 1-3 months prior to parturition and by daily radio tracking females to observe newborn calves. In 1996-97, we also determined late winter pregnancy status in 19 female bison killed and necropsied during winter control measures and 111 adult females captured in handling facilities within YNP. The average female bison home range was 54,126 ha. (Range=28,590-91,770). Bison are elevational migrants occupying significantly lower elevation habitats during winter and spring than during summer and fall. In winter 1995-96, three female bison did not leave the Lamar Valley. Seven female bison moved to the Gardiner Basin in March and remained until May when they migrated to the Madison Junction area. One of these bison continued moving to West Yellowstone and eventually summered in Hayden Valley. All 20 marked female bison migrated from the Lamar Valley to the Gardiner Basin in January 1996 and returned to summer range during April. All marked female bison were pregnant in October 1995, and 9 of 10 (90%) produced calves between April 28 and May 13, 1996. In 1996, 20 of 22 marked female bison were pregnant in October and 8 of 16 (50%) surviving mothers calved between April 19 and May 31, 1997. Thirteen of 19 female bison necropsied during winter control measures, and 89 of 111 captured bison, palpated during capture, were pregnant for a total pregnancy rate of 78.5%. Pregnancy rates were significantly higher in prime aged females (4-8) but lower in young aged (2-3) and old aged (>8) female bison. Eleven of 13 (84.6%) and 10 of 14 (71.4%) ovary pairs examined macroscopically in 1995 and 1996 respectively had corpora lutea. Corpora albicans were present in 53.8 and 64.3% of the ovary pairs from 1995 and 1996 respectively. Female bison in the Lamar are capable of becoming pregnant with the previous year's calf by their side. Intraspecific interactions are frequent and physical contact with birth products common during birthing events. Calving was rapid, usually less than 3 hours, and calves were precocial. Fourteen birthsites were found to be relatively clean with limited tissue and fluids remaining following birth events. We discuss the implications of our findings toward understanding bison population dynamics and the management of brucellosis in Yellowstone National Park. Found at Bison LibraryNatureBib ID: 602526 3 Rhyan, Jack C. Aune, Keith Roffe, Thomas J. Ewalt, Darla R. Gidlewski, Thomas Philo, L. Michael 1997 Irby, Lynn R J. Knight International Symposium on Bison Ecology and Management in North America Bozeman, MT Montana State University June 4-7, 1997 Bison Library: 227, YRL: animal studies, bison (Bison bison), brucella abortus, brucella, bacteria, brucellosis, disease, Yellowstone National Park The bison in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) have been infected with Brucella abortus since at least 1917. Basic knowledge of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of brucellosis in YNP bison is needed to develop workable strategies to minimize the risk of disease transmission to local livestock and to ultimately eliminate the infection from wildlife in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). The purpose of this study is to determine the tissue localization sites of and lesions produced by B. abortus in female bison from YNP.Between February 1995 and January 1997, specimens were collected from 26 seropositive adult female bison. Twenty-five of the animals were killed after leaving YNP and one animal was killed by YNP personnel because it had a retained placenta and was in close proximity to the northern border of YNP. Additionally, specimens were collected from a term fetus and placenta that were found near Gardiner, MT, in April of 1996. Cultures have been completed on 16 of the adult bison and on the fetus. Brucella abortus was isolated from 7 of the 16 adult animals. The most common culture positive tissues were the supramammary, retropharyngeal, and iliac lymph nodes. Brucella abortus was isolated from 15 specimens including the placenta and feces from the bison with the retained placenta. The organism was also located from 15 sites cultured from the term fetus and placenta found near Gardiner. Histologically, lesions from the fetus and both placentas were consistent with those produced by B. abortus in cattle, goats, and captive bison.A group of yearling bison showed blood in their feces, and coccidiosis was investigated as a possible cause. Coccidia per gram feces counts were relatively low, but treatment with a coccidiostat was pursued. Found in Bison Library and at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 602705 0 Rhyan, Jack C. Aune, Keith Ewalt, Darla R. Marquardt, Janet Mertins, James W. Payeur, Janet B Saari, Dennis A. Schladweiler, Philip Sheehan, Edward J. Worley, David 1997 Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33 290-298 April 1997 249 elk, wyoming, Montana, disease, Yellowstone National Park, tuberculosis, brucella abortus, brucellosis, brucella, bacteria From December 1991 through January 1995, a disease survey was conducted on herds of free-ranging, hunter-killed elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) from three areas in proximity to Yellowstone National Park (YNP), Wyoming (USA), after tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis was discovered in a captive herd of elk in the area. Complete or partial sets of specimens from 289 elk collected between December 1991 and January 1993 were examined histologically; no mycobacterial lesions were observed. Lesions of tuberculosis were not detected in tonsils or lymph nodes of the head from an additional 99 hunter-killed, adult elk form one area (area 2) collected in January 1995. Neither M. bovis nor M. paratuberculosis were isolated from any of the specimens cultured. Antibodies to Brucella abortus were detected in serum samples from 0%, 1%, and 1% of elk from three areas sampled (areas 1, 2, and 3), respectively. Brucella abortus biovar 1 was isolated from multiple tissues from one seropositive animal from area 3. Larvae with morphology consistent with Dictyocaulus sp. were found in 12%, 14%, and 0% of fecal specimens tested from areas 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Actinomyces pyogenes were isolated from a lung with purulent bronchopneumonia and abscesses. Found online, pdf on computerNatureBib ID: 123121 www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/33/2/290.pdf 3 Thorne, E. Tom Scott G. Smith Keith Aune David Hunter Thomas J. Roffe 1994 Thorne, E. Tom, Mark S. Boyce, Paul Nicoletti, Terry J. Kreeger Brucellosis, Bison, Elk, and Cattle in the Greater Yellowstone Area: Defining the Problem, Exploring Solutions Jackson, WY Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis, Bison, Elk, and Cattle in the Greater Yellowstone Area: Defining the Problem, Exploring Solutions Jackson, WY Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 33-46 September 26-28, 636.089 B886 1997 animal studies, brucellosis, cattle, disease, ecosystems, elk (Cervus elaphus), wildlife health, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria Although brucellosis was recognized in elk of the GYA before the brucellosis eradication program was initiated in 1934, the disease in elk received the most attention in the last two decades as implications to the national goal of eradicating the disease became apparent. The problem received considerable attention as research was completed; as brucellosis control efforts for some elk were implemented; and as conflicts between elk with brucellosis and cattle, public lands grazing, and the national brucellosis eradiation program were recognized. Although a few authors questioned the occurrence and importance of brucellosis in elk (Robbins et al. 1982), most recognized the situation as a source of conflict and a major management problem (Kistner et al. 1982; Boyce 1989; Davis 1990; Gloyd 1990; Thorne 1992; Thorne and Herriges 1992; Thorne et al. 1991 a, b, 1995; Anon. 1992; Keiter 1993; Carlman 1994; Smith and Robbins 1994). Although vaccination had been regarded as "...doomed to failure..." (Kistner et al. 1982: 188) and attempts to eradicate brucellosis considered unrealistic or difficult (Kistner et al. 1982, Boyce 1989, Davis 1990), WGFD, with assistance of APHIS, has embarked on an ambitious vaccination and Brucellosis-Feedground-Habitat program in an attempt to eradicate brucellosis from elk in Wyoming (Thorne 1992; Thorne et al. 1981, 1995; Herriges et al. 1989, 1991). Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 19368 3 Thorne, E. Tom David Price John Kopec David Hunter Scott G. Smith Thomas J. Roffe Keith Aune 1994 Thorne, E. Tom, Mark S. Boyce, Paul Nicoletti, Terry J. Kreeger Brucellosis, Bison, Elk, and Cattle in the Greater Yellowstone Area: Defining the Problem, Exploring Solutions Jackson, WY Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 101-119 September 26-28, 636.089 B886 1997 bison, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria, brucellosis, cattle, elk, eradication, wildlife health Brucellosis in elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and bison (Bison bison) in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) is one of the most serious and difficult problems associated with a domestic animal disease in free-ranging wildlife in North America. This is not because of the effects of brucellosis on wildlife, but rather due to the implications to local and national livestock industries. Even though extensive efforts have not been recognized. In this paper, we describe many of these efforts and recommend further activities. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 652386 3 Toman, Tom L., Tom Lemke, Lonn Kuck, Bruce L. Smith, Scott G. Smith, Keith Aune 1994 Thorne, E. Tom, Mark S. Boyce, Paul Nicoletti, Terry J. Kreeger Brucellosis, Bison, Elk, and Cattle in the Greater Yellowstone Area: Defining the Problem, Exploring Solutions Jackson, WY Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee 56-64 September 26-28, 636.089 B886 1997 animal studies, brucellosis, disease, ecosystems, elk (Cervus elaphus), wildlife health, brucella, brucella abortus, bacteria Approximately 120,000 elk (Cervus elaphusnelsoni) inhabit the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). These elk use land in two National Park s, seven National Forests, one National Wildlife Refuge, Bureau of Land Management lands, private lands, and state lands within three states. Three state wildlife agencies are involved in cooperative management systems with the land management agencies and private landowners. The Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) manages for 63,000 elk, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) manages up to 49,000-6,000 elk, and Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MDFWP) manages up to 49,000 elk in the GYA. The remaining 1,600 elk use lands within Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and are managed by the National Park Service, although many more elk reside within YNP during summer and spend winter on public and private lands within the states. Agencies cooperatively manage elk and their habitat resources through complex interagency cooperation. Each elk management unit defined by the three states is administered with guidelines specific to that unit. Various biological and political factors weigh heavily on these units. Population management has historically been the focus of these management schemes. The management of diseases, particularly brucellosis, has had a varying degree of interest and emphasis among the elk management units in recent years. As the number of infected cattle herds decreases, more emphasis is placed on brucellosis found in elk in the GYA. Recent litigation in Wyoming served to reemphasize the importance of this issue. Found at Yellowstone Research LibraryNatureBib ID: 38796